Butter’s living its own little drama in most kitchens: should it stay soft and ready on the counter or hide out in the chill of the fridge? Those who worship easy-to-spread toast swear by leaving the dish out, while food-safety sticklers eye the countertop with suspicion.

Science gives both camps something to chew on. Because butter is mostly fat with very little water, harmful bacteria struggle to get a foothold. Still, that creamy block can turn rancid or sprout fuzzy mold if it lounges in a hot, humid kitchen for too long. Slide it into the refrigerator and you’ll lock in freshness for weeks—though good luck coaxing a rock-hard pat onto fragile bread.

Food-safety experts strike a tasty compromise: keep just a few days’ worth in a covered dish at room temperature and stash the rest in the fridge. Fancy an upgrade? A water-sealed butter bell (also called a crock) keeps oxygen out, letting you enjoy spreadable butter without flirting with spoilage.

Ultimately, the “right” place for butter depends on your climate, how quickly you use it, and how much risk you’re willing to take for pillowy-soft toast. Weigh convenience against safety, and you—and your stubborn spouse—can butter your bread exactly the way you like.